External fixation system with radio frequency shielding

ABSTRACT

An electrical insulator is applied to a bone anchor, for instance of a bone implant, such as an external fixation frame, so as to prevent undesirable temperature increases in the bone anchor and surrounding anatomical tissue when subjected magnetic resonance imaging.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Stage Application filed under 35 U.S.C. 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2014/024085, filed Mar. 12, 2014, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/837,598, filed Mar. 15, 2013, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated as if set forth in their entireties herein.

BACKGROUND

Bone fixation systems can include external bone fixation systems that are typically attached to two or more bone members so as to stabilize the bone members and promote healing. The external bone fixation systems can be applied to treat comminuted, intra-articular and/or unstable fractures. Thus, the bone members can be fractured segments of a bone, or can alternatively be two different bones, for instance vertebrae, that are to be stabilized relative to each other. Typical external fixation systems can include a plurality of bone anchors that are configured to be driven through the dermal surface and into respective bone members. For instance, the bone anchors typically are configured as bone screws, such as Schanz screws, that have a length sufficient such that they extend out from the epidermis when anchored in the respective bone members.

External fixation systems can further include at least one support rod, and at least one set of clamps that are configured to be secured to both the rod and the bone anchors, directly or indirectly, at a location outside the dermal surface, thereby securing the bone anchors relative to the rod, and supporting each the bone fixation members relative to the other bone fixation members that are secured to the rod. External fixation system can further include clamps that are configured to be secured to a pair of rods, so as to secure each of the pair of rods to the other. External fixation systems further commonly include coupling members that are configured to attach to both the support rod and one or more of the Schanz screws, such that the Schanz screws, and thus the bone members, are supported by the rod in fixation with the respective bone members.

Conventional support rods, clamps, and bone fixation members are typically made from an electrically and thermally conductive material stainless steel, titanium, alloys thereof, or any suitable alternative metal. Though support rods can be made from a non-ferromagnetic material, such as such as aluminum or carbon, the external fixation system in combination with the soft tissue into which the external fixation system is implanted can define a closed electrical loop. As a result, when the external fixation system is subjected to the magnetic fields (typically having a strength between and including 1.5 Tesla and 3.0 Tesla, but can range up to and including 8.0 Tesla) and radio frequency pulses of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, electrical current can be induced in the closed electrical loop. The current flow can cause the temperature of the thermally conductive Schanz screws to rise substantially inside the patient's body, resulting in pain and damage to the tissue.

External fixation systems have been proposed that are said to reduce or prevent current when the implanted exposed to the RF field of an MRI. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 7,527,626 discloses that the rod and/or clamps can include a carbon core and a polymeric insulation sheath that is applied onto the carbon core through resin transfer molding. The patent recognizes that the size of the carbon core of the rod “must” be reduced so that once the sheath is applied to it, the resulting product has the same size as rods typically used in external fixation systems. Accordingly, the core is made of a higher modulus carbon fiber. Thus, the sheath can add cost and complexity to the manufacture of the external fixation system

SUMMARY

In accordance with one embodiment, an external fixation system includes a first Schanz screw including a first shaft that defines a first external surface that is devoid of threads. The first Schanz screw can further include a first threaded region that extends from the first shaft, the first threaded region presenting external threads that are configured to be anchored into bone. The external fixation system can further include a second Schanz screw including a second shaft that defines a second external surface that is devoid of threads. The second Schanz screw can further include a second threaded region that extends from the second shaft, the second threaded region presenting external threads that are configured to be anchored into bone. The external fixation system can further include at least one support rod that comprises an electrically conductive material. The external fixation system can further include a first clamp configured to attach to both the first shaft and the at least one support rod, and a second clamp configured to attach to both the second shaft and the at least one support rod, thereby fixedly supporting each of the first and second Schanz screws relative to the at least one support rod. At least the first Schanz screw can include a layer of electrically insulative material that is attached to at least a portion of the first external surface and is not attached to the first threaded region.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments of spreader system of the present application, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purposes of illustrating the spreader system of the present application, there is shown in the drawings illustrative embodiments. It should be understood, however, that the application is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an external fixation system shown anchored into bone;

FIG. 2A is a sectional perspective view of a portion of the external fixation system illustrated in FIG. 1, taken along line 2A-2A;

FIG. 2B is a sectional perspective view of a portion of the external fixation system illustrated in FIG. 1, taken along line 2B-2B;

FIG. 3A is a perspective view of first Schanz screw of the external fixation system constructed in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 3B is a perspective view of first Schanz screw of the external fixation system constructed in accordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 3C is a plan view of a tape of the first Schanz screw illustrated in FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4A is a perspective view of the external fixation system as illustrated in FIG. 1, but constructed in accordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 4B is a perspective view of the external fixation system as illustrated in FIG. 1, but constructed in accordance with yet another embodiment:

FIG. 4C is a perspective view of the external fixation system as illustrated in FIG. 1, but constructed in accordance with still another embodiment;

FIG. 4D is a perspective view of the external fixation system as illustrated in FIG. 1, but constructed in accordance with still another embodiment;

FIG. 5A is a schematic illustration of a patient disposed in an MRI tube, wherein an external fixation system is attached to an anatomy of the patient and disposed in the MRI tube; and

FIG. 5B is a schematic illustration of a patient disposed in an MRI tube, wherein an external fixation system is attached to an anatomy of the patient and disposed outside the MRI tube.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain terminology is used in the following description for convenience only and is not limiting. The words “right”, “left”, “lower” and “upper” designate directions in the drawings to which reference is made. The words “inner” or “distal” and “external” or “proximal” refer to directions toward and away from, respectively, the geometric center of the implant and related parts thereof. The words, “anterior”, “posterior”, “superior,” “inferior,” “medial,” “lateral,” and related words and/or phrases are used to designate various positions and orientations in the human body to which reference is made and are not meant to be limiting. The terminology includes the above-listed words, derivatives thereof and words of similar import.

Referring to FIG. 1, a bone implant can be configured as a bone fixation system. The bone fixation system, in turn, can be configured as an external bone fixation system, also referred to as an external fixation system 20, that is configured to stably support a first bone member 22 a relative to a second bone member 22 b. The first and second bone members 22 a and 22 b can be of the same bone or of different bones. In accordance with the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the first and second bone members 22 a-b are bone segments of a bone 22, such as a long bone, and are separated from each other by a bone gap 22 c, such as a fracture, of the bone 22. The external fixation system 20 can include a first at least one external fixation bone anchor 24 configured to attach to bone, for instance at the first bone member 22 a, and a second at least one external fixation bone anchor 26 configured to attach to bone, for instance at the second bone member 22 b. In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the at least one bone anchor 24 can include first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b that are configured to attach to the same bone member, for instance to the first bone member 22 a, and the at least one bone anchor 26 can include first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b that are configured to attach to the same bone member, for instance to the second bone member 22 b.

Thus, it should be appreciated that the external fixation system 20 can include at least a first bone anchor and a second bone anchor that are configured to be anchored into bone. The first and second bone anchors can be anchored into the same bone member (e.g., first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b, and first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b), or can be anchored into different bone members (e.g., first bone anchor 24 a and second bone anchor 26 b, and first bone anchor 26 a and second bone anchor 24 b). In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, each of the external fixation bone anchors 24 and 26 can be configured as screws, such as Schanz screws or K-wires, and can include a shaft 30 that defines an external surface 32 (see also FIG. 2A) that can be devoid of threads, and a threaded region 34 that extends from the shaft 30, the threaded region 34 presenting external threads 36 that are configured to be anchored into bone so as to anchor the threaded region 34 into bone. The first and second at least one bone anchors 24 and 26 are constructed such that, when the threaded regions 34 are driven into bone, the shafts 30 extend out from the epidermis 23 (see FIGS. 5A-5B). While the first and second at least one bone anchors 24 and 26 are illustrated as including the threaded region 34, it should be appreciated that the first and second at least one bone anchors 24 and 26 can alternatively be configured as pins that are devoid of threaded regions.

While the illustrated embodiment includes first and second anchors 24 a and 24 b attached to the first bone member 22 a and first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b attached to the second bone member 22 b, it should be appreciated that the external fixation system can include any number of bone anchors, such as one or a plurality of bone anchors, that are configured to attach to the first and second bone members 22 a and 22 b as desired. As will be appreciated from the description below, at least one, such as a plurality, up to all, of the bone anchors 24 and 26 can include at least one layer of electrically insulative material attached to at least a portion of the respective external surface 32, such that the electrically insulative material is not attached to the respective threaded region 34.

The external fixation system 20 can further include at least one support rod 38 that extends from a first location aligned with the first bone member 22 a and across the bone gap 22 c to a second location aligned with the second bone member 22 b. The at least one support rod 38 is configured to be fixedly secured relative to the bone anchors 24 and 26. For instance, the at least one support rod 38 can include a first support rod 38 a, a second support rod 38 b, and a third support rod 38 c. The first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b can be attached to the first support rod 38 a, and the first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b can be attached to the second support rod 38 b. Each of the first rod 38 a and the second rod 38 b can be attached to the third support rod 38 c, such that the first and second rods 38 a and 38 b are fixedly secured relative to each other. Because the bone anchors 24 can be fixedly secured to the first support rod 38 a, and the bone anchors 26 can be fixedly secured to the second support rod 38 b, the bone anchors 24 and 26 can be fixedly secured relative to each other. While the bone anchors 24 and 26 are illustrated as being attached to the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b, respectively, it should be appreciated that the bone anchors 24 and 26 can alternatively be attached and fixedly secured to a single support rod that spans across the bone gap 22 c. It should be appreciated that the support rods 38 can be disposed outside the epidermis 23 when attached to the respective external fixation bone anchors.

The external fixation system 20 can further include a first at least one first clamp 40 configured to attach to a first one of the bone anchors 24 a-b and 26 a-b, and a second at least one clamp 42 configured to attach to a second one of the bone anchors 24 a-b and 26 a-b. The first and second at least one clamps 40 and 42 are further configured to attach to the at least one support rod 38 so as to fixedly secure the attached bone anchors to the at least one support rod 38. In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the first at least one clamp 40 can include a first clamp 40 a and a second clamp 40 b that are each configured to attach to any of the bone anchors 24 and 26. In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the first clamp 40 a is attached to the first bone anchor 24 a and the second clamp 40 b is attached to the second bone anchor 24 b. Further, in accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the second at least one clamp 42 can include a first clamp 42 a and a second clamp 42 b that are each configured to attach to any of the bone anchors 24 and 26. In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the first clamp 42 a is attached to the first bone anchor 26 a and the second clamp 42 b is attached to the second bone anchor 26 b. As will be appreciated from the description below, the clamps 40 and 42 are configured to attach to the respective bone anchors 24 and 26 at the respective shafts 30, for instance at the respective unthreaded external surfaces 32. As described above, the bone anchors 24 and 26 are constructed such that, when the threaded regions 34 are driven into bone, the shafts 30 extend out from the epidermis 23 (see FIGS. 5A-5B). Thus, the clamps 40 and 42 can be disposed outside the epidermis 23.

Each of the clamps 40 and 42 can be configured to attach to the at least one support rod 38. For instance, each of the clamps 40 and 42 can be configured to attach to each of the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b. In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the first clamp 40 a is attached to the first support rod 38 a, and the second clamp 40 b is attached to the first support rod 38 a. The clamps 40 can be tightened to the respective bone anchors 24 and the first support rod 38 a so as to be fixedly secured to the respective bone anchors 24 and to be fixedly secured to the first support rod 38 a. Further, in accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the first clamp 42 a is attached to the second support rod 38 b, and the second clamp 42 b is attached to the second support rod 38 b. The clamps 42 can be tightened to the respective bone anchors 26 and the second support rod 38 b so as to be fixedly secured to the respective bone anchors 26 and to be fixedly secured to the second support rod 38 b. In an embodiment where the at least one support rod 38 defines a single support rod, each of the clamps 40 and 42 can be configured to be attached and fixedly secured to the single support rod at different locations along the single support rod.

With continuing reference to FIG. 1, the external fixation system 20 can include a bridge 44 that is configured to fixedly secure the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b relative to each other. The bridge 44 can include the third support rod 38 c, and at least one third claim that can include a first clamp 48 a configured to attach to both the third support rod 38 c and the first support rod 38 a, and a second clamp 48 b configured to attach to both the third support rod 38 c and the second support rod 38 b. In particular, each of the first and second clamps 48 a and 48 b can define respective first and second channels 49 a and 49 b. The channel 49 a and 49 b can be oriented substantially parallel or angularly offset with respect to each other as desired, and can be sized, so as to respectively receive the third support rod 38 c and a corresponding one of the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b. The clamps 48 a and 48 b can be tightened to the respective third support rod 38 c and the corresponding first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b, so as to fixedly secure the third support rod 38 c with respect to the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b, thereby fixedly securing the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b to each other.

Referring now to FIGS. 2A-2B, the clamp 40 a is illustrated, it being appreciated that the clamp 40 a can be representative of one or more up to all of the clamps 40 b and 42 a-b. Thus, the description of the clamp 40 a can apply to all other clamps of the external fixation system 20 as desired. The clamp 40 a can include a clamp body 50 that defines first and second channels 52 a and 52 b. The first channel 52 a is configured to receive the corresponding bone anchor, such as the bone anchor 24 a, for instance at the shaft portion 30. For instance, the clamp body 50 can include a first inner surface 54 that defines the first channel 52 a. The inner surface 54 can be tightened against the shaft 30 so as to fixedly secure the bone anchor 24 a to the clamp 40 a. In accordance with one embodiment, the inner surface 54 can be defined by first and second clamp members 56 a and 56 b of the clamp body 50. The first and second clamp members 56 a and 56 b can be biased together so as to tighten the inner surface 54 against the shaft 30. It should be appreciated that the inner surface 54 can be textured so as to increase the grip of the inner surface 54 relative to the shaft 30.

Similarly, the second channel 52 b is configured to receive the at least one support rod 38, such as the corresponding first support rod 38 a. For instance, the clamp body 50 can include a second inner surface 58 that defines the second channel 52 b. The second inner surface 58 can be tightened against the shaft first support rod 38 a so as to fixedly secure the first support rod 38 a to the clamp 40 a. In accordance with one embodiment, the inner surface 58 can be defined by third and fourth clamp members 60 a and 60 b of the clamp body 50. The third and fourth clamp members 60 a and 60 b can be biased together so as to tighten the inner surface 58 against the first support rod 38 a. It should be appreciated that the inner surface 58 can be textured so as to increase the grip of the inner surface 58 against the shaft first support rod 38 a.

In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the clamp 40 a can include a tightener 63 having a head 64 and a shaft 66 that extends out from the head 64. The shaft 66 can carry threads 68 that mate with threads 70 of a threaded surface 71 of the clamp body 50. The head 64 is sized to abut an abutment surface 73 of the clamp body 52. The first and second inner surfaces 54 and 58 can be disposed between the abutment surface 73 and the threaded surface 71. Accordingly, as the tightener 63 is rotated in a first direction relative to the clamp body 50, the abutment surface 73 and the threaded surface 71 are drawn toward each other, thereby causing the inner surfaces 54 and 58 to compress against the shaft 30 and the first support rod 38 a, respectively, thereby preventing the bone anchor and the first support rod 38 a from moving within the respective channels 52 a and 52 b relative to the clamp body 50. As the tightener 63 is rotated in a second direction relative to the clamp body 50 opposite the first direction, a gap between the head 64 and the abutment surface 73 loosens the inner surfaces 54 and 58 from the shaft 30 and the first support rod 38 a, thereby allowing the bone anchor 24 and the first support rod 38 a to move within the respective channels 52 a and 52 b.

The at least one support rod 38, including the first support rod 38 a, the second support rod 38 b, and the third support rod 38 c, can all be made of an electrically conductive material, and can be devoid of any insulating material, for instance at least at locations at and between the first and second bone anchors described above, though it should be appreciated that the rods 38 a-c can include an insulating material as desired. The clamps. 40, 42, and 48 can likewise be made from an electrically conductive material, such as stainless steel, titanium, and alloys thereof. The clamps 40, 42, and 48 can also be devoid of an insulating material, though it should be appreciated that the clamps 40, 42, and 48 can include an insulating material as desired. Furthermore, while the external fixation system 20 has been described in accordance with one embodiment, it is recognized that external fixation systems are available including any number of bone anchors, support rods, and corresponding clamps, as desired, defining essentially any configuration and arrangement as desired. Thus, the present disclosure is not limited to the external fixation system 20 described herein.

Referring now to FIGS. 3A-B, the first bone anchor 24 a is illustrated, it being appreciated that the bone anchor 24 a can be representative of one or more up to all of the bone anchors 24 b and 26. Thus, the description of the bone anchor 24 a can apply to all other bone anchors of the external fixation system 20 as desired. The bone anchor 24 can be elongate along a central axis 25, which can define an axial direction. The bone anchor 24 can include the shaft 30 that is elongate along the central axis 25 and the threaded region 34 that extends from the shaft 30 and is elongate along the central axis 25. The external surface 32 of at least a portion of the shaft can revolve about the first central axis The bone anchor 24 can further include a tip 35 that extends from the threaded region 34. The tip 35 can be tapered, and can include at least one cutting flute that is configured to create an aperture into the bone. Alternatively, the bone anchor 24 can be devoid of cutting flutes. Thus, a hole can be pre-drilled into the bone, and the threaded region can be driven into the pre-drilled hole.

It should be appreciated that the shaft 30, the threaded region 34, and the tip (if included) can be constructed to define any suitable size and shape as desired. For instance, the shaft 30 can define a first outermost cross-sectional dimension D1, which can be a diameter, along a direction perpendicular to the central axis 25. The threaded region 34 can define a second outermost cross-sectional dimension D2, which can be a diameter, that is less than the first outermost cross-sectional dimension D1. Alternatively the first outermost cross-sectional dimension D1 can be substantially equal to the second outermost cross-sectional dimension D2. Alternatively still, the shaft 30 can include a first portion 31 a that defines the first outermost cross-sectional dimension D1, and a second portion 31 b that can define the second outermost cross-sectional dimension D2.

The shaft 30 defines a first terminal end, such as a proximal end 30 a, and a second or distal end 30 b that is spaced from and opposite the proximal end 30 a along the central axis 25. The shaft 30 can define a shoulder 33 that defines an interface between the first portion 31 a and the second portion 31 b. The proximal end 30 a can be defined by the first portion 31 a, and the distal end 30 b can be defined by the second portion 31 b, such that the shoulder 33 is disposed between the proximal end 30 a and the distal end 30 b. Alternatively, the shaft 30 can be devoid of the shoulder 33, and can define a substantially constant outermost cross-sectional dimension D1 from the proximal end 30 a to the distal end 30 b. The proximal end 30 a can define any suitable engagement member as desired that is configured to attach to a driving instrument that is configured to rotate the bone anchor 24 a so as to drive the threaded region 34 into the bone.

The threaded region 34 defines a proximal end 34 a and a distal end 34 b that is spaced from and opposite the proximal end 34 a along the central axis 25. The proximal end 34 a can extend integrally and monolithically from the distal end 30 b, such that the threaded region 34 is integral and monolithic with the shaft 30. The tip 35, if present, can extend from the distal end 34 b so as to be integral and monolithic with each of the threaded region 34 and the shaft 30. By way of example only, the bone anchor 24 a can define any length as desired along the central axis 25 from the tip to the proximal end 30 a of the shaft, for instance within a range having a lower end of approximately 60 mm and an upper end of approximately 250 mm. The cross-sectional dimensions D1 and D2 can be between approximately 2 mm and approximately 8 mm, including approximately 3 mm, approximately 4 mm, and approximately 5 mm.

With continuing reference to FIGS. 3A-3C, the bone anchor 24 a can include an electrically insulative material 84, which can be configured as a layer 82 of electrically insulative material 84, that can be attached to at least a portion of the external surface 32, but not to the threaded region 34. For instance, the layer 82 of electrically insulative material 84 can be adhesively attached to the at least a portion of the external surface 32. For example, the layer 82 can be attached to the external surface at a location between the shoulder 33 and the proximal end 30 a. The layer 82 can, for instance, be received in the corresponding channel 52 a of the clamp 40 a as described above, such that the inner surface of the channel 52 a is tightened to the layer 82 so as to fixedly secure the bone anchor 24 a therein. Alternatively, the inner surface of the channel 52 a can tighten directly against the exterior surface 32 of the shaft 30, for instance if the layer terminates at a location spaced from the inner surface of the channel 52 a.

In accordance with one embodiment, the electrically insulative material 84 is configured as a tape 86 having a substrate 88 made from the electrically insulative material 84, and an adhesive 90 disposed on one surface 88 a of the substrate 88, such that the adhesive 90 attaches to the external surface 32 so as to attach the tape 86 to the at least a portion of the external surface 32 of the shaft 30. The substrate 88, and thus the tape 86, can define the surface 88 a. Further, the substrate 88, and thus the tape 86, can define a second surface 88 b opposite the surface 88 a, such that the tape 86 defines a thickness measured from the surface 88 a to the second surface 88 b along a direction perpendicular to the central axis 25. The thickness of the tape 86 can be between approximately 1 mil and approximately 6 mils, for instance between approximately 2 mils and approximately 4 mils, including approximately 2.5 mils and approximately 3.5 mils. Thus, the thickness of the tape 86 can be between approximately 0.025 mm and approximately 0.155 mm, for instance between approximately 0.05 mm and approximately 0.1 mm, including approximately 0.0635 mm and approximately 0.09 mm. In accordance with one embodiment, the thickness of the tape 86 can be in a range having a lower end of 0.064 mm and 0.6 mm. Thus, in one example, the thickness of the tape 86 can be defined as being within a range of approximately 0.5% and approximately 30% of the first outermost cross-sectional dimension D1 of the shaft 30. It should be appreciated, however, that the tape 86 can have any thickness as desired suitable for providing radio frequency shielding of the corresponding bone anchor between the respective shaft and the respective threaded region in external fixation system. The small thickness of the tape 86 can allow the cross-sectional dimension of the shaft 30 can be unchanged with respect to pre-existing bone anchors suitable for inclusion in external fixation systems. As a result, the shaft 30 can include the same bending stiffness and torsional stability of pre-existing bone anchors suitable for inclusion in external fixation systems without changing the material of the shaft 30. The electrically insulative material 84, and thus the tape 86, can be substantially nonporous and non-ferromagnetic. For instance, in accordance with one embodiment, the electrically insulative material 84 can be a polyimide, or any suitable alternative insulative material as desired.

The tape 86 can be wrapped around the at least a portion of the first external surface 32 at least one entire revolution about the central axis 25. For instance, as illustrated in FIG. 3A, adjacent revolutions 94 of the tape 86 along the central axis 25 can overlap each other with respect to a line that extends through the tape 86 to the central axis 25 along a direction perpendicular to the central axis. Alternatively, adjacent revolutions 94 of the tape 86 along the central axis 25 can be disposed adjacent each other along a direction parallel to the central axis 25, such that the bone anchor 24 a does not define a line that extends to the central axis along a direction perpendicular to the central axis and passes through adjacent revolutions 94 of the tape 86. The tape 86 can define a proximal end 86 a and a distal end 86 b that can define any suitable distance therebetween along the central axis 25. For instance, as illustrated in FIG. 3B, the distance can be suitable such that the tape 86 can be wrapped one revolution 94 about the central axis 25. For instance, the taps 86 can define opposed edges 86 c and 86 d that can abut each other, or can overlap each other, for instance if the tape 86 extends more than one revolution 94 about the central axis 25. Thus, it can be said that the tape 86 can make at least one revolution 94 about the central axis 25 so as to attach the adhesive 90 to the external surface 32. It should be appreciated that the electrically insulative material 84 can be applied to the at least a portion of the external surface 32 of the shaft 30. For instance, the electrically insulative material 84 can be sprayed onto the at least a portion of the external surface 32 of the shaft 30 and allowed to dry. As another example, the shaft 30 can be dipped into the electrically insulative material 84 in liquid form so as to apply the electrically insulative material 84 to the at least a portion of the external surface 32 of the shaft 30, and the electrically insulative material 84 can be allowed to dry. It should be appreciated that the electrically insulative material 84 can be adhesively attached to the at least a portion of the external surface 32 of the shaft 30 when sprayed or when the at least a portion of the external surface 32 of the shaft 30 is dipped into the electrically insulative material 84. The electrically insulative material 84 can include polyimide along with a separate adhesive agent as desired. Alternatively, the polyimide can suitably adhesively attach to the external surface 32 without inclusion of a separate adhesive agent in the electrically insulative material 84.

Furthermore, existing bone anchors can be retrofit by applying the electrically insulative material 84 to the respective shaft as described herein so as to produce the bone anchor 24 a. Thus, a method can be provided for fabricating an external fixation system of the type having first and second Schanz screws, each including a shaft that defines an external surface that is devoid of threads, and a threaded region that extends from the shaft, the threaded region presenting external threads that are configured to be anchored into a first bone member. The method can include the step of applying a layer of electrically insulative material to at least a portion of the external surface of the first Schanz screw, such that the layer of electrically insulative material is attached to the threaded region of the first Schanz screw. The electrically insulative material can comprise a substrate having first and second opposed surfaces, and an adhesive carried by the first surface, the applying step further comprises the step adhesively attaching the first surface to the at least a portion of the external surface of the first Schanz screw. The shaft of the first Schanz screw can be elongate along a central axis, and the method can further comprising the step of attaching the first surface to the at least a portion of the external surface at least one revolution about the central axis. The shaft of the second Schanz screw can be elongate along a central axis, and the method further comprising the step of attaching the first surface to at least a portion of the external surface of the second Schanz screw at least one revolution about the central axis of the second Schanz screw.

Referring to FIGS. 4A-4D in general, and as described above, the external fixation system 20 can be configured to stabilize a first bone member 22 a and a second bone member 22 b relative to each other in accordance with any suitable embodiment as desired. Thus, the examples of external fixation systems 20 described herein are presented by way of example only. As described above, the first and second bone members 22 a and 22 b can be segments of the same bone, or can be defined different bones. For instance, the external fixation system 20 can be configured to stabilize an anatomical joint. Thus, it will be understood that the at least one layer of electrically insulative material 84 can be attached to the external surface of bone anchors of any suitable external fixation system as desired.

For instance, as illustrated in FIG. 4A, the external fixation system 20 can be configured to stabilize a wrist joint 100. Thus, the external fixation system 20 can be configured to be secured to a bone in a human forearm 104, and a bone in a human hand 105 separated by the bone in the human forearm by the wrist joint 100. Thus, the first bone member 22 a can be defined by the bone in the human forearm 104, and the second bone member 22 b can be defined by the bone in the human hand 105. The bone gap 22 c disposed between the first and second bone members 22 a and 22 b can be defined by the wrist joint 100. For instance, the first bone member 22 a can be defined by the radius 108, and the second bone member 22 b can be defined by a metacarpal bone 110. The metacarpal bone 110 can, for instance, be defined by the index finger 112. As described above, the external fixation system 20 can include a first at least one external fixation bone anchor 24 configured to attach to the first bone member 22 a, and a second at least one external fixation bone anchor 26 configured to attach to the second bone member 22 b. In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the at least one bone anchor 24 can include first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b that are configured to attach to the first bone member 22 a. The at least one bone anchor 26 can include first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b that are configured to attach to the second bone member 22 b. The external fixation system 20 illustrated in FIG. 4A can further include at least one support rod 38 that extends from a first location aligned with the first bone member 22 a, and across the wrist joint 100 to a second location aligned with the second bone member 22 b. The at least one support rod 38 is configured to be fixedly secured relative to the first and second at least one bone anchors 24 and 26. Thus, the support rod 38 is configured to extend across the wrist joint 100 at a location outside the epidermis. Because the bone anchors 24 and 26 can be fixedly secured to the support rod 38, the bone anchors 24 and 26 can be fixedly secured relative to each other.

The external fixation system 20 can further include at least one first clamp 40 configured to secure the at least one support rod 38 to the first at least one bone anchor 24. For instance, the first clamp can be configured to attach to the support rod 38 and each of the first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b of the first at least one bone anchor 24. The external fixation system 20 can further include at least one second clamp 42 configured to secure the at least one support rod 38 to the second at least one bone anchor 26. For instance, the second clamp 42 is configured to attach to the support rod 38 and to each of the first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b of the second at least one bone anchor 26. It should be appreciated, of course, that the external fixation system 20 illustrated in FIG. 4A, and all external fixation systems 20 described herein, can include any number of clamps 40 and 42 as desired to secure the at least one support rod 38 to the first and second at least one bone anchors 24 and 26. It should be appreciated that at least one or both of the first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b along with one or both of the first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b can include the electrically insulative material 84 as described above.

Referring now to FIG. 4B, the external fixation system 20 can be configured to stabilize an ankle joint 120. Thus, the external fixation system 20 can be configured to be secured to a bone in a human lower leg 122, and a bone in a human foot 124 separated by the bone in the human lower leg 122 by the ankle joint 120. Thus, the first bone member 22 a can be defined by the bone in the human lower leg 122, and the second bone member 22 b can be defined by the bone in the human foot 124. The bone gap 22 c disposed between the first and second bone members 22 a and 22 b can be defined by the ankle joint 120. For instance, the first bone member 22 a can be defined by the tibia 126, and the second bone member 22 b can be defined by the calcaneus 128. As described above, the first at least one external fixation bone anchor 24 is configured to attach to the first bone member 22 a, and the second at least one external fixation bone anchor 26 is configured to attach to the second bone member 22 b. In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the first at least one bone anchor 24 can include first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b that are configured to attach to the first bone member 22 a. The second at least one bone anchor 26 can include first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b that are configured to attach to the second bone member 22 b. Thus, the first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b of the first at least one bone anchor 24 can be configured to attach to the tibia 126. The first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b of the second at least one bone anchor 26 can be configured to attach to the calcaneus 128. For instance the first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b can extend out from the calcaneus 128 along substantially opposite direction from each other along a medial-lateral direction.

The external fixation system 20 illustrated in FIG. 4B can further include a first at least one clamp 40 that is configured to attach to the first at least one bone anchor 24. For instance, the first clamp 40 can be configured to attach to each of the first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b. The external fixation system 20 illustrated in FIG. 4B can further include a second at least one clamp 42 that is configured to attach to the second at least one bone anchor 26. For instance, the second at least one clamp 42 can include a first clamp 42 a that is configured to attach to the first bone anchor 26 a, and a second clamp 42 b that is configured to attach to the second bone anchor 26 b. The external fixation system 20 illustrated in FIG. 4B can further include a first support rod 38 a that is configured to be attached to the first clamp 40 and the first clamp 42 a of the second at least one clamp 42, thereby securing the first bone anchor 26 a to the first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b. The external fixation system 20 illustrated in FIG. 4B can further include a second support rod 38 b that is configured to be attached to the first clamp 40 and the second clamp 42 b of the second at least one clamp 42, thereby securing the second bone anchor 26 b to the first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b. Thus, the at least one first clamp 40, the at least one second clamp 42, and the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b are configured to stabilize and secure all of the at least one first and second bone anchors 24 and 26 with respect to each other. It should be appreciated that the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b are configured to extend across the ankle joint 120 at a location outside the epidermis. Because the bone anchors 24 and 26 can be fixedly secured to the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b, the bone anchors 24 and 26 can be fixedly secured relative to each other. It should be appreciated that at least one or both of the first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b along with both of the first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b can include the electrically insulative material 84 as described above.

Referring now to FIG. 4C, the external fixation system 20 can be configured to stabilize a knee joint 140. Thus, the external fixation system 20 can be configured to be secured to a bone in a human upper leg 142, and a bone in a human lower leg 143 separated by the bone in the upper leg 142 by the knee joint 140. Thus, the first bone member 22 a can be defined by the bone in the human upper leg 142, and the second bone member 22 b can be defined by the bone in the human lower leg 143. The bone gap 22 c disposed between the first and second bone members 22 a and 22 b can be defined by the knee joint 140. For instance, the first bone member 22 a can be defined by the femur 146, and the second bone member 22 b can be defined by the tibia 148. Thus, the first bone member 22 a can be defined by the bone in the human upper leg 142, and the second bone member 22 b can be defined by the bone in the human lower leg 143. As described above, the first at least one external fixation bone anchor 24 can be configured to attach to the first bone member 22 a, and the second at least one external fixation bone anchor 26 can be configured to attach to the second bone member 22 b. In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the at least one bone anchor 24 can include first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b that are configured to attach to the first bone member 22 a. The at least one bone anchor 26 can include first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b that are configured to attach to the second bone member 22 b. Thus, the first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b of the first at least one bone anchor 24 can be configured to attach to the femur 146. The first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b of the second at least one bone anchor 26 can be configured to attach to the tibia 148.

The first at least one clamp 40 of the external fixation system 20 illustrated in FIG. 4C can be configured to attach to the first at least one bone anchor 24. For instance, the first clamp 40 can be configured to attach to each of the first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b. The second at least one clamp 42 of the external fixation system 20 illustrated in FIG. 4C can be configured to attach to the second at least one bone anchor 26. For instance, the second clamp 42 can be configured to attach to the first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b. The external fixation system 20 illustrated in FIG. 4C can further include a first support rod 38 a that is configured to be attached to the first clamp 40, and a second support rod 38 b that is configured to be attached to the second clamp 42. The external fixation system can further include a third clamp 48 that is configured to attach to each of the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b, thereby securing the first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b of the first at least bone anchor 24 to the first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b of the second at least one bone member 26. Thus, the at least one first clamp 40, the at least one second clamp 42, the third clamp 48, and the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b are configured to stabilize and secure all of the first and second at least one bone anchors 24 and 26 with respect to each other. It should be appreciated that the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b and the third clamp 48 define a construct that is configured to extend across the knee joint 140 at a location outside the epidermis. Because the bone anchors 24 and 26 can be fixedly secured to the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b, and the first and second support rods 38 a and 38 b can be fixed relative to each other, the bone anchors 24 and 26 can be fixedly secured relative to each other. It should be appreciated that at least one or both of the first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b along with both of the first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b can include the electrically insulative material 84 as described above.

Referring now to FIG. 4D, the external fixation system 20 can be configured to stabilize a sacroiliac joint 160. Thus, the external fixation system 20 can be configured to be secured to a first sacrum 142 and a second sacrum 144 so as to secure and stabilize the first and second sacra 142 and 144 with respect to each other. Thus, the first bone member 22 a can be defined by the first sacrum 142, and the second bone member 22 b can be defined by the second sacrum 144. The bone gap 22 c disposed between the first and second bone members 22 a and 22 b can be defined by the sacroiliac joint 160. In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the first at least one bone anchor 24 can include first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b that are configured to attach to the first bone member 22 a. The second at least one bone anchor 26 can include first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b that are configured to attach to the second bone member 22 b. Thus, the first and second bone anchors 24 a and 24 b can be configured to attach to the first sacrum 142. The first and second bone anchors 26 a and 26 b can be configured to attach to the second sacrum.

The external fixation system 20 illustrated in FIG. 4D can further include first and second rods 38 a and 38 b that are configured to be secured to the first and second at least one bone anchors 24 and 26, respectively. The external fixation system 20 can further include a third rod 38 c that is configured to be secured to the first rod 38 a. The external fixation system 20 can further include a fourth rod 38 d that is configured to be secured to the second rod 38 b. The third and fourth rods 38 c and 38 d are further configured to be secured to each other. For instance, the external fixation system 20 can include a first at least one clamp 40 that is configured to attach to the first at least one bone anchor 24. For instance, the first at least one clamp 40 can include a first clamp 40 a that is configured to attach to the first bone anchor 24 a, and a second clamp 40 b that is configured to attach to the second bone anchor 24 b. Each of the first and second clamps 40 a and 40 b is further configured to attach to the first rod 38 a. The external fixation system 20 can include a second at least one clamp 42 that is configured to attach to the first at least one bone anchor 24. For instance, the second at least one clamp 42 can include a first clamp 42 a that is configured to attach to the first bone anchor 26 a, and a second clamp 42 b that is configured to attach to the second bone anchor 26 b. Each of the first and second clamps 42 a and 42 b is further configured to attach to the second rod 38 b. The external fixation system 20 can further include a third at least one clamp 48. The third at least one clamp 48 can include a first clamp 48 a that is configured to attach to the first rod 38 a and the third rod 38 c so as to secure the first rod 38 a to the third rod 38 c. The third at least one clamp 48 can include a second clamp 48 b that is configured to attach to the second rod 38 b and the fourth rod 38 d so as to secure the second rod 38 b to the fourth rod 38 d. The third at least one clamp 48 can include a third clamp 48 c that is configured to attach to the third rod 38 c and the fourth rod 38 d so as to secure the third rod 38 c to the fourth rod 38 d. Thus, the first at least one bone anchor 24 is secured to the second at least one bone anchor 26, thereby stabilizing the first sacrum 142 with respect to the second sacrum 144.

Referring to now FIG. 5A, it has been found that when the external fixation system is placed in a magnetic field having a field strength of substantially 1.5 Tesla, and radio frequency pulses are introduced into the magnetic field, of instance of the type generated during MRI imaging, none of the threaded regions 34 of the bone anchors 24 and 26 increases in temperature in a significant way (e.g., by more than six degrees Celsius) that would cause discomfort to the patient or necrosis to the anatomical tissue that surrounds the bone anchors. In fact, testing has shown little or no temperature increases 34. Thus, the tape 86 can be said to provide radio frequency shielding of the corresponding bone anchor between the respective shaft and the respective threaded region 34 in an external fixation system.

Thus, a method can be provided for imaging a region of human anatomy 104 that includes the bone 22. The method can include the step of placing the human anatomy, and thus the bone 22, into an interior of an MRI tube 106 having a magnetic field of between 1.5 Tesla and 3.0 Tesla. The bone 22 defines first and second bone members 22 a and 22 b to which respective threaded regions of first and second bone anchors 24 and 26 are anchored. Each of the first and second bone anchors 24 and 26 are attached to at least one support rod 38 via respective first and second clamps 40 and 42. Each of the bone anchors includes an unthreaded electrically conductive shaft 30 extending from the respective threaded regions, and an electrically insulative tape wrapped around at least a portion of each of the shafts. The method can further include the step of directing radio frequency pulses into the interior of the MRI tube so as to provide magnetic resonance images of the human anatomy, wherein the threaded regions of the bone anchors 24 and 26 do not increase in temperature by more than six degrees Celsius.

As further illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5B, a method can be provided for imaging a region of human anatomy. The method can include the step of placing at least a portion of the human anatomy into an interior of the MRI tube 106 that has a magnetic field of approximately 1.5 Tesla. The human anatomy can include at least one bone to which the external fixation system 20 constructed as recited in accordance with any embodiment herein. The method can further include the step of directing radio frequency pulses into the interior of the MRI tube 106, wherein the threaded regions of the first and second at least one bone anchors 24 and 26 do not increase in temperature by more than six degrees Celsius. It should be appreciated that the at least a portion of the human anatomy includes the at least one bone, such that placing step includes placing at least a portion of the external fixation system in the interior of the MRI tube 106. For instance, the placing step can include placing an entirety of the external fixation system 20 in the interior of the MRI tube 106. Alternatively, the at least a portion of the human anatomy does not include the at least one bone, such that the placing step comprises placing an entirety of the external fixation system 20 outside the interior of the MRI tube 106. After the placing step, the method can further include the step of directing radio frequency pulses into the interior of the MRI tube so as to provide magnetic resonance images of the region of human anatomy, wherein the threaded regions of the bone anchors 24 and 26 do not increase in temperature by more than six degrees Celsius.

Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the bone anchors of conventional external fixation systems can be heated from three different mechanisms, including 1) eddy currents, 2) RF resonance, and 3) induction loops. With respect to RF resonance, it is believed that bone anchor heating by eddy currents of conventional external fixation systems can generate only a few degrees Celsius temperature rise. It is further believed that the electrically insulting polyimide tape disrupts both RF resonance and the formation of induction loops. Without being bound by theory, it is postulated that the electrically insulative material 84 can have a sufficiently high dielectric constant on the bone anchors 24 so as to isolate the standing RF wave pattern that resonates on the exterior conducting surface 34 of the bone anchors. Thus, it is postulated that a highly insulating material like polyimide can store electrical energy like a capacitor, the electrical current can oscillate within the capacitor, and electrical current will be disrupted, thereby eliminating RF heating at the threaded region 34 and the tip 35. Experiments have shown that a polyimide insulator can block current flow up to 3000 volts and is, therefore, capable of insulating the electrical flow responsible for RF resonance heating during magnetic resonance imaging. MRI. With respect to induction loops, and again without being bound by theory, it is believed that the polyimide insulator also can provide a low capacitance to limit the RF electrical current flowing as a loop defined by first and second Schanz screws, a support rod, clamps that secure the Schanz screws to the support rod, and the anatomical tissue that receives the bone anchors. This was evaluated by measuring the temperature rise for an external fixation system having the insulating polyimide tape applied to the first Schanz screw and no insulating polyimide tape applied to the second Schanz screw. No temperature rise was recorded at the tip of the Schanz screw that included the polyimide tape, but a temperature rise was recorded at the tip of the Schanz screw that was not taped. Accordingly, it is believed that a conductive current loop was present when only one Schanz screw included the polyimide electrical insulator.

While the foregoing description and drawings represent the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that various additions, modifications, combinations and/or substitutions may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the accompanying claims. In particular, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the invention may be embodied in other specific forms, structures, arrangements, proportions, and with other elements, materials, and components, without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be used with many modifications of structure, arrangement, proportions, materials, and components, which are particularly adapted to specific environments and operative requirements without departing from the principles of the invention. For instance, while the bone anchors 24 and 26 have been identified as Schanz screws in accordance with one embodiment, it is contemplated that the electrically insulative material 84 can be applied to any suitable alternative bone anchor of other types of implant assemblies, including K-wires, Steinmann pins, cranial fixation members, cranial traction tongs, and bone member transport devices (for instance Ilizarov type). Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the electrically insulative material 84 can be configured as, or included in, a paint, a polymer, a ceramic, and a composite. Thus, the electrically insulative material 84 can be applied to the bone anchors, for instance Schanz screws, K-wires, and Steinmann pins, by conventional spraying, dipping, fluidized bed, electrostatic spraying, or any suitable alternative deposition method. Furthermore, the electrically conductive material 84 can be pre-fabricated into a tube that is then received by the at least a portion of the external surface 32 of the shaft 30. In addition, features described herein may be used singularly or in combination with other features. For example, features described in connection with one embodiment may be used and/or interchanged with features described in another embodiment. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims, and not limited to the foregoing description.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alterations of the invention can be made without departing from the broad scope of the appended claims. Some of these have been described above and others will be apparent to those skilled in the art. 

What is claimed:
 1. An external fixation system configured to stabilize a wrist joint, the external fixation system comprising: a first external fixation bone anchor including a first shaft defining a first external surface that is devoid of threads, the first external fixation bone anchor further including a first threaded region that extends from the first shaft, the first threaded region presenting external threads that are configured to be anchored into a forearm bone, the first external fixation bone anchor including an electrically insulative material that is attached to at least a portion of the first external surface and that is not attached to the first threaded region; a second external fixation bone anchor defining a second shaft having a second external surface that is devoid of threads, the second external fixation bone anchor further defining a second threaded region that extends from the second shaft, the second threaded region presenting external threads that are configured to be anchored into a hand bone; a support rod comprising an electrically conductive material; a first clamp configured to attach to both the first shaft at the electrically insulative material and the support rod; and a second clamp configured to attach to both the second shaft and the support rod, wherein the external fixation system is configured such that when the first clamp is attached to both the first shaft and the support rod, and when the second clamp is attached to both the second shaft and the support rod, and when the first threaded region is anchored into the forearm bone, and when the second threaded region is anchored into the hand bone: 1) each of the first and second external fixation bone anchors is fixedly supported relative to the support rod, and 2) the wrist joint which is positioned between the forearm bone and the hand bone is stabilized, and wherein the first external fixation bone anchor includes the electrically insulative material prior to attachment of the first clamp to the first shaft.
 2. The external fixation system as recited in claim 1, wherein the first and second external fixation bone anchors comprise Schanz screws.
 3. The external fixation system as recited in claim 2, wherein the electrically insulative material is adhesively attached to the at least a portion of the external surface of the first shaft.
 4. The external fixation system as recited in claim 3, wherein the electrically insulative material is configured as a tape having a substrate made from the electrically insulative material, and an adhesive disposed on one surface of the substrate, such that the adhesive attaches the tape to the at least a portion of the external surface of the first shaft.
 5. The external fixation system as recited in claim 4, wherein the external fixation system is configured to be placed in a magnetic field having a field strength of approximately 1.5 Tesla, and the external fixation system is further configured such that when radio frequency pulses are introduced into the magnetic field, neither the first threaded region nor the second threaded region increases in temperature by more than six degrees Celsius.
 6. The external fixation system as recited in claim 1, wherein the first clamp is attached to both the first shaft at the electrically insulative material and the support rod.
 7. An external fixation system configured to stabilize an ankle joint, the external fixation system comprising: a first external fixation bone anchor including a first shaft defining a first external surface that is devoid of threads, the first external fixation bone anchor further including a first threaded region that extends from the first shaft, the first threaded region presenting external threads that are configured to be anchored into a lower leg bone, the first external fixation anchor including an electrically insulative material that is attached to at least a portion of the first external surface and that is not attached to the first threaded region; a second external fixation bone anchor defining a second shaft having a second external surface that is devoid of threads, the second external fixation bone anchor further defining a second threaded region that extends from the second shaft, the second threaded region presenting external threads that are configured to be anchored into a foot bone; a support rod comprising an electrically conductive material; a first clamp configured to attach to both the first shaft at the electrically insulative material and the support rod; and a second clamp configured to attach to both the second shaft and the support rod, wherein the external fixation system is configured such that when the first clamp is attached to both the first shaft and the support rod, and when the second clamp is attached to both the second shaft and the support rod, and when the first threaded region is anchored into a lower leg bone, and when the second threaded region is anchored into the foot bone : 1) each of the first and second external fixation bone anchors is fixedly supported relative to the support rod, and 2) the ankle joint which is positioned between the lower leg bone and the foot bone is stabilized, and wherein the first external fixation bone anchor includes the electrically insulative material prior to attachment of the first clamp to the first shaft.
 8. The external fixation system as recited in claim 7, wherein the support rod is a first support rod, and the foot bone is a first foot bone, the external fixation system comprising: a third external fixation bone anchor defining a third shaft having a third external surface that is devoid of threads, the third external fixation bone anchor further defining a third threaded region that extends from the third shaft, the third threaded region presenting external threads that are configured to be anchored into a second foot bone; a second support rod comprising an electrically conductive material; and a third clamp configured to attach to both the third shaft and the second support rod, wherein the external fixation system is configured such that when the first clamp is attached to both the first shaft and the second support rod, and when the third clamp is attached to both the third shaft and the second support rod: 1) each of the first and third external fixation bone anchors is fixedly supported relative to the second support rod.
 9. The external fixation system as recited in claim 8, wherein the first foot bone is different than the second foot bone.
 10. The external fixation system as recited in claim 7, wherein the electrically insulative material is configured as a tape having a substrate made from the electrically insulative material, and an adhesive disposed on one surface of the substrate, such that the adhesive attaches the tape to the at least a portion of the external surface of the first shaft.
 11. The external fixation system as recited in claim 10, wherein the external fixation system is configured to be placed in a magnetic field having a field strength of approximately 1.5 Tesla, and the external fixation system is further configured such that when radio frequency pulses are introduced into the magnetic field, neither the first threaded region nor the second threaded region increases in temperature by more than six degrees Celsius.
 12. The external fixation system as recited in claim 7, wherein the first clamp is attached to both the first shaft at the electrically insulative material and the support rod.
 13. An external fixation system configured to stabilize a knee joint, the external fixation system comprising: a first external fixation bone anchor including a first shaft defining a first external surface that is devoid of threads, the first external fixation bone anchor further including a first threaded region that extends from the first shaft, the first threaded region presenting external threads that are configured to be anchored into an upper leg bone, the first external fixation anchor including an electrically insulative material that is attached to at least a portion of the first external surface and that is not attached to the first threaded region; a second external fixation bone anchor defining a second shaft having a second external surface that is devoid of threads, the second external fixation bone anchor further defining a second threaded region that extends from the second shaft, the second threaded region presenting external threads that are configured to be anchored into a lower leg bone; at least one support rod comprising an electrically conductive material; a first clamp configured to attach to both the first shaft at the electrically insulative material and the at least one support rod; and a second clamp configured to attach to both the second shaft and the at least one support rod; wherein the external fixation system is configured such that when the first clamp is attached to both the first shaft and the at least one support rod, and when the second clamp is attached to both the second shaft and the at least one support rod, and when the first threaded region is anchored into the upper leg bone, and when the second threaded region is anchored into the lower leg bone: 1) each of the first and second external fixation bone anchors is fixedly supported relative to the at least one support rod, and 2) the knee joint which is positioned between the upper leg bone and the lower leg bone is stabilized, and wherein the first external fixation bone anchor includes the electrically insulative material prior to attachment of the first clamp to the first shaft.
 14. The external fixation system as recited in claim 13, wherein the at least one support rod includes a first support rod and a second support rod, the external fixation system comprising a third clamp configured to attach to both the first support rod and the second support rod, wherein the external fixation system is configured such that the first clamp is configured to attach to both the first shaft and the first support rod, the second clamp is configured to attach to both the second shaft and the second support rod, and the third clamp is configured to attach to both the first support rod and the second support rod.
 15. The external fixation system as recited in claim 14, wherein the first support rod is nonparallel to the second support rod.
 16. The external fixation system as recited in claim 13, wherein the electrically insulative material is configured as a tape having a substrate made from the electrically insulative material, and an adhesive disposed on one surface of the substrate, such that the adhesive attaches the tape to the at least a portion of the external surface of the first shaft.
 17. The external fixation system as recited in claim 16, wherein the external fixation system is configured to be placed in a magnetic field having a field strength of approximately 1.5 Tesla, and the external fixation system is further configured such that when radio frequency pulses are introduced into the magnetic field, neither the first threaded region nor the second threaded region increases in temperature by more than six degrees Celsius.
 18. The external fixation system as recited in claim 13, wherein the first clamp is attached to both the first shaft at the electrically insulative material and the support rod.
 19. An external fixation system configured to stabilize a sacroiliac joint, the external fixation system comprising: a first external fixation bone anchor including a first shaft defining a first external surface that is devoid of threads, the first external fixation bone anchor further including a first threaded region that extends from the first shaft, the first threaded region presenting external threads that are configured to be anchored into a first sacrum, the first external fixation anchor including an electrically insulative material that is attached to at least a portion of the first external surface and that is not attached to the first threaded region; a second external fixation bone anchor defining a second shaft having a second external surface that is devoid of threads, the second external fixation bone anchor further defining a second threaded region that extends from the second shaft, the second threaded region presenting external threads that are configured to be anchored into a second sacrum; at least one support rod comprising an electrically conductive material; a first clamp configured to attach to both the first shaft at the electrically insulative material and the at least one support rod; and a second clamp configured to attach to both the second shaft and the at least one support rod; wherein the external fixation system is configured such that when the first clamp is attached to both the first shaft and the at least one support rod, and when the second clamp is attached to both the second shaft and the at least one support rod, and when the first threaded region is anchored into the first sacrum, and when the second threaded region is anchored into the second sacrum: 1) each of the first and second external fixation bone anchors is fixedly supported relative to the at least one support rod, and 2) the sacroiliac joint which is positioned between the first sacrum and the second sacrum is stabilized, and wherein the first external fixation bone anchor includes the electrically insulative material prior to attachment of the first clamp to the first shaft.
 20. The external fixation system as recited in claim 19, wherein the at least one support rod includes a first support rod, a second support rod, a third support rod, and a fourth support rod, the external fixation system comprising: a third clamp configured to attach to both the first support rod and the third support rod; a fourth clamp configured to attach to both the second support rod and the fourth support rod; and a fifth clamp configured to attach to both the third support rod and the fourth support rod, wherein the external fixation system is configured such that the first clamp is configured to attach to both the first shaft and the first support rod, and the second clamp is configured to attach to both the second shaft and the second support rod.
 21. The external fixation system as recited in claim 20, wherein the third support rod is nonparallel to the fourth support rod.
 22. The external fixation system as recited in claim 19, wherein the electrically insulative material is configured as a tape having a substrate made from the electrically insulative material, and an adhesive disposed on one surface of the substrate, such that the adhesive attaches the tape to the at least a portion of the external surface of the first shaft.
 23. The external fixation system as recited in claim 22, wherein the external fixation system is configured to be placed in a magnetic field having a field strength of approximately 1.5 Tesla, and the external fixation system is further configured such that when radio frequency pulses are introduced into the magnetic field, neither the first threaded region nor the second threaded region increases in temperature by more than six degrees Celsius.
 24. The external fixation system as recited in claim 19, wherein the first clamp is attached to both the first shaft at the electrically insulative material and the support rod.
 25. The external fixation system as recited in claim 19, wherein each of the first and second external fixation bone anchors comprises a Schanz screws.
 26. The external fixation system as recited in claim 19, wherein the electrically insulative material is adhesively attached to the at least a portion of the external surface of the first shaft.
 27. The external fixation system as recited in claim 19, wherein the external fixation system is configured to be placed in a magnetic field having a field strength of approximately 1.5 Tesla, and the external fixation system is further configured such that when radio frequency pulses are introduced into the magnetic field, neither the first threaded region nor the second threaded region increases in temperature by more than six degrees Celsius. 